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Boston is the capital and most populous city of Massachusetts with a population of 675,647 as of the 2020 census, serving as the cultural and financial center of New England in the Northeastern United States. Founded on Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by English Puritan settlers led by John Winthrop and named after Boston, Lincolnshire in England, the city played a pivotal role in American independence through events including the Boston Massacre (1770), Boston Tea Party (1773), and the Siege of Boston (1775-1776). Boston established numerous national firsts including the first public park (Boston Common, 1634), first public school (Boston Latin School, 1635), and first subway system (Tremont Street subway, 1897), and has since emerged as a global leader in higher education, biotechnology, and research. The city's economy is led by finance, professional services, information technology, and government, with nearly 5,000 startup companies making it a global pioneer in innovation, entrepreneurship, and artificial intelligence. The Greater Boston metropolitan area has a population of 4.9 million as of 2023, ranking it as the eleventh-largest metropolitan area in the United States. Brookline is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, part of the Boston metropolitan area, with a 2020 census population of 63,191. First settled by European colonists in 1638 as the hamlet of Muddy River and incorporated as an independent town in 1705, Brookline is best known as the birthplace of U.S. President John F. Kennedy and comedian Conan O'Brien. The town became an exclave of Norfolk County after neighboring towns West Roxbury and Hyde Park were annexed by Boston in 1874 and 1912, respectively, and is divided by Massachusetts Route 9 (Boylston Street) into urban northern and less developed southern sections served by the MBTA's Green Line. Frederick Law Olmsted integrated Brookline's Muddy River into the Emerald Necklace of parks and parkways in the 1890s, establishing parkland shared by both Boston and Brookline residents. The town resisted Boston annexation throughout its history, most notably in an 1873 referendum, and has long been regarded as a verdant, pleasant environment known for its picturesque lanes and cottage neighborhoods. Brighton is a neighborhood in northwestern Boston, Massachusetts, originally named after the English city of Brighton and initially part of Cambridge as "Little Cambridge" before separating in 1807 following a bridge dispute and annexing to Boston in 1874. The area's economy historically centered on cattle markets established in 1775 by Jonathan Winship I and Jonathan Winship II to supply the Continental Army, which evolved into the largest meat-packing operations in Massachusetts, along with horticulture introduced in 1820 and the Boston & Worcester Railroad built in 1834. Today, Brighton is a residential middle-class neighborhood known for housing part of Boston College's campus and New Balance's corporate headquarters, served by the Green Line, Boston Landing MBTA Commuter Rail station, and multiple bus lines. The neighborhood's population grew rapidly from 6,000 in 1875 to 47,000 by 1925, and it features the Brighton Center Historic District and the Aberdeen section, designated as a local architectural conservation district in 2001. Brighton is also notable as the location where the Boston Marathon route, established in 1897, passes through Commonwealth Avenue annually.