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Binghamton is a city in New York's Southern Tier region near the Pennsylvania border and serves as the county seat of Broome County, with a 2020 population of 47,969 in a bowl-shaped valley at the confluence of the Susquehanna and Chenango rivers. Named after Philadelphia businessman William Bingham in 1834, the city emerged as a major transportation hub following the completion of the Chenango Canal in 1837 and the Erie Railroad to Jersey City in 1849, spurring rapid industrial development. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Binghamton earned the nickname "Valley of Opportunity" as a manufacturing powerhouse, becoming the second-largest cigar producer in the United States during the 1880s and a major shoe manufacturing center by the 1920s. The city became known for electronics and defense industries after IBM's nearby founding and the invention of the flight simulator there, though this prosperity declined with Cold War-era defense cuts. Today, Binghamton is revitalizing as an education and healthcare hub, with Binghamton University serving as a primary economic driver for the metropolitan area of approximately 250,000 people. Ithaca is a city located on the southern shore of Cayuga Lake in the Finger Lakes region of Upstate New York, with a population of 32,108 as of the 2020 census and serving as the county seat of Tompkins County. The city is best known for hosting Cornell University, an Ivy League institution founded in 1865, and Ithaca College, making it a major college town in the region. Named after the Greek island of Ithaca, the area was historically inhabited by the Cayuga people of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy until the late 18th century, when European settlement began following the American Revolutionary War. White settlers first populated the township in 1794 and formally established the city in 1821, following the federal and state government's distribution of land grants to Revolutionary War veterans through the Central New York Military Tract. The city's development was shaped by early explorers arriving in 1788 and subsequent settlers constructing log cabins in 1789, establishing the foundation for what would become Tompkins County's largest community. Elmira is a city and county seat of Chemung County in the Southern Tier of New York, located just north of the Pennsylvania state line, with a 2020 census population of 26,523. The region was originally inhabited by the Cayuga nation of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy until the Sullivan Expedition in 1779 and subsequent American settlement following the Revolutionary War, with a treaty signed at Elmira in 1791 settling territorial disputes. The city was incorporated in 1864 and is nicknamed "The Queen City," with its name possibly derived from Major General Matthew Carpenter's daughter or tavern owner Nathan Teall's daughter, though the exact origin remains unconfirmed. Elmira gained historical significance as the site of the Elmira Prison, a major Civil War prisoner-of-war camp that held over 12,000 captured Confederate soldiers, and is home to Elmira College. The city has experienced population decline, dropping over 7 percent from 29,200 residents in 2010 to 26,523 in 2020.